The Fascinating History of NIR: From Discovery to Modern Applications

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) has revolutionised how we analyse materials, providing detailed insights into their composition without the need for invasive sampling. 

The history of NIR spans scientific breakthroughs, from its discovery in the early 19th century to its wide-ranging applications in industries today, such as mining and exploration, agriculture, and environmental monitoring.

In this blog, we’ll explore the history of NIR and its development into a vital tool for some of the world’s largest industries.

What is NIR?

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) is an infrared analysis technique that uses light to analyse various materials, such as liquids, solids, or powders, without causing damage. It works by measuring how organic molecules absorb specific wavelengths of light, providing fast, non-invasive results.

The Origins of NIR

The discovery of near-infrared energy is credited to William Herschel in the 19th century. However, industrial applications of NIR began in the 1950s, initially as an add-on to optical devices using other wavelengths like UV or MIR. By the 1980s, standalone NIR systems became available.

In the 1980s, Karl Norris, working at the USDA, pioneered NIR spectroscopy for agricultural product quality assessment. Since then, its use has expanded to industries such as chemicals, pharmaceuticals, petroleum, and environmental analysis.

Advances in fibre optics and monochromator-detector technology in the mid-1980s and early 1990s made NIR a powerful scientific tool. While initially used in physics and physiology, NIR began its medical applications in the 1990s, with the first clinical use of functional NIRS (fNIRS) in 1994.

Key developments:

• 19th century: Near-infrared energy discovered by William Herschel.
• 1950s: First industrial applications of NIR began as add-ons to optical devices.
• 1980s: Standalone NIR systems became available.
• 1980s: Karl Norris pioneered the use of NIR for agricultural product quality assessments.
• Mid-1980s: Introduction of fibre optics enhanced NIR capabilities.
• Early 1990s: Monochromator-detector developments made NIR a more powerful tool.
• 1994: First clinical application of functional NIR spectroscopy (fNIRS).

Modern Applications of NIR

Modern NIR spectroscopy is now used in various sectors. Its non-destructive nature, combined with the ability to provide rapid results, makes it invaluable in today’s fast-paced industries. 

Here are some common applications:

• Mining and Exploration: Near-infrared spectroscopy provides a clean, high-quality spectrum for mineral analysis. NIR accurately identifies minerals and evaluates their metallurgic properties, making it a powerful tool for precise material assessment.
• Agriculture: NIR is widely used in agricultural operations to assess soil quality, monitor crop health, and evaluate grain composition. Farmers use NIR to measure moisture, protein, and oil content in crops, ensuring optimal harvest quality.
• Medical: NIR has proven to be a useful tool for clinical laboratory testing and non-invasive diagnosis. The extensive applicability of NIR makes it possible for the diagnosis and therapy of diseases as well as explaining their pathophysiology.
• Environmental Monitoring: Near-infrared spectroscopy enables accurate analysis of forest health, population, growth, and damage. By using advanced environmental remote sensing technologies, NIR supports the responsible management of these critical resources.
• Waste Management: NIR allows for the accurate analysis of hazardous waste like asbestos and heavy metals. This guides decisions on proper treatment and disposal, ensuring safer management practices.
• Building and Construction: NIR technology enables instant asbestos analysis, helping to speed up construction projects, allowing teams to quickly determine whether work can proceed or if asbestos removal services are required.

Interesting Fact: How NIR is Helping in Space Exploration

A curious application of NIR technology lies in space exploration. NASA uses NIR spectroscopy to study the composition of distant planets and asteroids. By analysing the light reflected from these celestial bodies, scientists can determine their mineral content and assess their potential for future exploration.

Could the History of NIR Help You in Your Business?

The history of NIR is a testament to the transformative power of technological innovation. From the discovery of infrared light to its use in modern industries, NIR spectroscopy has continually evolved to meet the growing demand for efficient, non-invasive analysis.

Whether applied in agriculture, medicine, or environmental monitoring, NIR continues to offer valuable insights that drive progress. 

Are you interested in exploring how NIR technology can benefit your business? 

Contact us today to learn more about how we can help you leverage this technology for enhanced productivity and quality control.

Sources: Science Direct ; NAE ; NASA ; American Scientist